CS549 Distributed Information Systems:
This document contains the examination paper for the above named module.
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Preparing your answers
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Department of Computer and Information Sciences
CS549 Distributed Information Systems
Wednesday 27th July 2022 | 9:30am – 12:30pm Duration: 3 hours |
Attempt ALL questions.
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Question 1.
(a) Explain the terms class, property, facet and instance in the context
of ontology engineering. Give one example of each that could be used in a
formal representation of the following information:
Robert Louis Stevenson was a Scottish writer. He was born in
Edinburgh. His mother was Margaret Balfour and his father was
Thomas Stevenson. His best-known works are the novels Treasure
Island, Kidnapped and The Black Arrow, and the poetry collection A
Child’s Garden of Verse.
(2 marks)
(b) Explain what is meant by a folksonomy and compare the approach it offers
with the approach offered by ontology engineering, indicating the strengths
and weaknesses of each approach.
(4 marks)
(c)
Develop an ontology to represent a library that covers the items listed below.
Items to be represented
Books, index card, publications, librarians, photocopies, electronic copies,
shelves, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, rooms, categories of work
such as Travel, Cruises, Knitting etc, borrowers, loans and provide sufficient
concepts and relations to represent the statements:
The ontology should also model information about:
Librarian in charge of publications.
Books written by library staff.
Catalogued books.
Books on travel for which there are two or more copies in the library.
Journals for which there is an electronic copy but no paper copy.
Your ontology should allow the following competency questions to be
addressed:
(i) What is the average age of library staff who write books?
(ii) What is the gender of Librarian in charge of Journals?
(iii) Which categories of book are borrowed most frequently?
In your solution list the standalone classes, modifiers, relations and
definables, distinguishing between classes and instances. Indicate the
hierarchies for classes.
Give a definition of each definable.
Explain how the ontology addresses each of the above competency
questions.
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State any assumptions that you make.
Note: you may add other concepts, and it may be necessary to do so to
complete the exercise. Note any ambiguities and key design choices.
(7 marks)
(d) Represent your ontology in diagrammatic form.
(3 marks)
(e) Explain the extent to which the concept of borrower in this ontology could
be represented as XML, RDF or OWL. What are the advantages and
disadvantages of each of these approaches?
(3 marks)
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Question 2.
(a) Explain the concept of a triple in RDF. Illustrate each of the points you
identify with an example. Examples may be represented graphically or by
code as appropriate. (4 marks)
(b) Draw a graph to represent the RDF/S document contained in Figure 1.
(4 marks)
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf=”http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#”
xmlns:rdfs=”http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#”
xmlns:expl=”http://www.example.com/#”
> <
rdf:Description rdf:about=”http://www.example.com/#country”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class” />
<rdfs:label xml:lang=”fr”>Pays</rdfs:label>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about=”http://www.example.com/#city”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class” />
<rdfs:label xml:lang=”fr”>Ville</rdfs:label>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about=”http://www.example.com/#capital_of”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Property”/>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=”http://www.example.com/#city” />
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=”http://www.example.com/#country” />
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about=”http://www.example.com/#france”>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.example.com/#country” />
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:about=”http://www.example.com/#paris”>
<rdfs:label xml:lang=”en”>Paris</rdfs:label>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=”http://www.example.com/#city” />
<expl:capital_of rdf:resource=”http://www.example.com/#france” />
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Figure 1.
(c) Explain the meaning of the RDF/S text in Figure 1.
(4 marks)
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<?xml version=”1.0″?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf=”http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#”
xmlns:cd=”http://www.recshop.fake/cd#”>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about=”http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Empire Burlesque”>
<cd:artist>Bob Dylan</cd:artist>
<cd:company>Columbia</cd:company>
<cd:year>1985</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about=”http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Hide your heart”>
<cd:artist>Bonnie Tyler</cd:artist>
<cd:company>CBS Records</cd:company>
<cd:year>1985</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description
rdf:about=”http://www.recshop.fake/cd/Ultimate Kylie”>
<cd:artist>Kylie Minogue</cd:artist>
<cd:company>Parlophone</cd:company>
<cd:year>2004</cd:year>
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Figure 2
(d) Explain the meaning and purpose of the following text from Figure 2:
xmlns:rdf=”http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#”
xmlns:cd=”http://www.recshop.fake/cd#”>
(2 marks)
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(e) Assuming that the default data source is that shown in Figure 2 and that
PREFIX cd: <http://www.recshop.fake/cd/”>>
Is available, write SPARQL queries that will:
i) List all the data contained in the data source. The results should appear as
shown in Table 1 (2 marks)
Table 1: Results of Q1.
ii) List the artist and the year of each of their cds in the collection. The results
should appear as in Table 2. (2 marks)
Table 2: Results of Q2.
iii) List the artist and year for each cd in the collection with a year greater than
2000. The results should appear as in Table 3 (1 mark)
Table 3: Results of Q3.
iv) Count the CDs for each year.
Results should appear as in Table 4. (Note that the type tag
^^http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#integer is added to the integer
automatically) (1 mark)
Table 4: Results of Q4.
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Question 3.
(a)
Using the concepts Mammal, Animal, Dog, Carnivore, Giraffe, Herbivore,
Meat, Fish, Vertebrate, Backbone, Water, Bird, Wing, Leg, Egg, Insect,
Seed the properties eat, has, livesIn and lays and the instance rezy, create
a description logic knowledge base that models the following facts:
(i) Mammals are animals.
(ii) Dogs are carnivorous mammals.
(iii) Giraffes are herbivorous mammals.
(iv) No herbivores are carnivores
(v) Carnivores eat meat.
(vi) Vertebrate is any animal with a backbone.
(vii) Every fish is an animal that lives in water.
(viii) A bird is vertebrate that has wings, legs and lays eggs.
(ix) Those who eat meat are carnivores.
(x) Rezy is a bird that eats insects and seeds only.
(5 marks)
(b)
Using concepts BA, MA, Module, Scholar, Tutor, jill, french and the
properties teaches and hasDegree, write down a description logic knowledge
base to represent the following set of circumstances, separated into axioms
(TBox) and assertions (Abox).
jill teaches french.
Everybody who teaches a Module must either have an MA degree or be a
Tutor.
Every Tutor has a BA Degree.
Everybody with an MA degree has a BA degree.
Every Tutor teaches some Module.
french is a Module.
(5 marks)
(c)
Is the statement “jill has an MA degree” a logical consequence of the
knowledge base? Explain your answer.
(3 marks)
(d)
Is the statement “Everybody who teaches a module must have a BA degree” a
logical consequence of the knowledge base? Explain your answer
(3 marks)
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(e)
Explain the use of the terms owl:eqivalentClass and owl:Restriction in the
following code. Give the meaning of the code in English (do not simply
paraphrase the structure).
<owl:Class rdf:ID=”BackpackersDestination”>
<owl:equivalentClass>
<owl:Class>
<owl:intersectionOf rdf:parseType=”Collection”>
<owl:Class rdf:about=”#Destination”/>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:onProperty>
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about=”#hasAccommodation”/>
</owl:onProperty>
<owl:someValuesFrom>
<owl:Class rdf:about=”#BudgetAccommodation”/>
</owl:someValuesFrom>
</owl:Restriction>
<owl:Restriction>
<owl:someValuesFrom>
<owl:Class>
<owl:unionOf rdf:parseType=”Collection”>
<owl:Class rdf:about=”#Sports”/>
<owl:Class rdf:about=”#Adventure”/>
</owl:unionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:someValuesFrom>
<owl:onProperty>
<owl:ObjectProperty rdf:about=”#hasActivity”/>
</owl:onProperty>
</owl:Restriction>
</owl:intersectionOf>
</owl:Class>
</owl:equivalentClass>
(4 marks)
END OF PAPER
Dr. J.N.Wilson